TNF Signaling Pathway
Canonical source: KEGG hsa04668
Pathway Overview
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling mediates inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. TNF binds TNFR1/TNFR2; downstream cascades include NF-κB and MAPK. TNF is central to rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis; anti-TNF biologics are first-line in many autoimmune conditions. Environmental triggers (infection, stress, diet) can modulate TNF production. TNF gene variants have been studied in G×E with air pollution and asthma.
Environmental Triggers
| Exposure | Trigger type |
|---|---|
| air-pollution | PM2.5 can induce TNF in airway and systemic inflammation |
| psychosocial-stress | Stress-immune axis; inflammatory cytokines |
Genetic Modulation Points
No genetic modulation points recorded.
Tissue Specificity
No tissue specificity data recorded.
Disease Relevance
Linked diseases
- rheumatoid-arthritis— Core therapeutic target; anti-TNF
- inflammatory-bowel-disease— Anti-TNF in Crohn and UC
- asthma— TNF variants modify air pollution–asthma association
Linked exposures
- air-pollution— TNF G×E with PM2.5 in asthma
Pathway Diagram
Pathway diagram placeholder. A visual representation of this pathway will be integrated when available.
Evidence Nodes
Evidence for this pathway is derived from:
- 2 environmental trigger(s)
- 3 linked disease(s)
- 1 linked exposure(s)
References
- 1.Islam T, et al. (2014). GSTP1 and TNF Gene Variants and Associations between Air Pollution and Incident Childhood Asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307459
- 2.Bradley JR (2008). TNF and inflammatory disease. Journal of Pathology. doi:10.1002/path.2318