Biological Pathways
Explore molecular signaling pathways that mediate gene–environment interactions, connecting environmental triggers to disease through specific genetic modulation points.
Complement System and Immune Regulation
The complement cascade is part of innate immunity, mediating opsonization, inflammation, and lysis. C3 activation triggers the alternative pathway; C4 participa...
DNA Damage Response and Repair
The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway detects and repairs DNA lesions to maintain genomic integrity. Double-strand breaks activate ATM/ATR kinases, which phosph...
Dopamine Signaling Pathway
Dopamine signaling regulates reward, motivation, movement, cognition, and psychosis. Dopamine is synthesized in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area; rel...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
The HPA axis mediates the stress response. Hypothalamic CRH stimulates pituitary ACTH release; ACTH drives adrenal cortisol secretion. Cortisol mobilizes energy...
IL-33/ST2 Signaling Axis
The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis is a critical epithelial-derived alarmin pathway that bridges innate and adaptive immunity. IL-33, constitutively expressed in epit...
Insulin Signaling and Glucose Metabolism
Insulin signaling regulates glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and gene expression. Insulin binds the insulin receptor, activating IRS-PI3K-AKT ca...
JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
The JAK-STAT pathway transduces signals from cytokines (e.g., IL-6, interferons, IL-23) and growth factors to the nucleus, regulating immune responses, cell pro...
LDL Cholesterol Metabolism Pathway
The LDL cholesterol pathway governs uptake and clearance of low-density lipoprotein particles from circulation. Hepatocytes synthesize LDL receptors (LDLR) that...
NF-κB Signaling Pathway
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a master regulator of inflammatory gene expression, governing immune responses, cell s...
Oxidative Stress Response
The oxidative stress response encompasses enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Key enzymes include superoxide dismutases ...
PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway regulates cell growth, survival, metabolism, and proliferation. Growth factors (e.g., insulin, EGF) activate receptor tyrosine kinases...
TNF Signaling Pathway
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling mediates inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. TNF binds TNFR1/TNFR2; downstream cascades include NF-κB and MAPK. TN...